English for Communication

WHAT IS A SENTENCE?
PARTS OF SPEECH
SENTENCE: TYPE A
SENTENCE: TYPE B
SENTENCE: TYPE C
LINKS
TASK5

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SENTENCE MEANINGS

WHAT IS A SENTENCE?

A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. A group
of words that does not show a complete thought is called "a sentence fragment."
Most sentence fragments are only parts of sentences without a verb or/and without
a subject. A sentence always ends with a period (.), a question mark(?), or an
exclamation mark(!).

Sentences:

  The girl speaks English very well.
  What a good time we are having!
  Did they say anything?

Fragments:

  English very well
  What a good time
  Saying anything

จะเห็นได้ว่าประโยคประกอบด้วยคำชนิดต่าง ๆ( Parts of speech)

PARTS OF SPEECH

Each word in a sentence has a particular duty. We call each duty "a part of speech." In English, there are eight different parts of speech.

PARTS OF SPEECH	DUTY	EXAMPLES
1. NOUN	names	Jack, student, animal, Mars, hope, doing,..
2. PRONOUN	replaces	I, you, us, his, their, herself
3. VERB	states action or being	be, was, are, look, walk, proctor,...
4. ADJECTIVE	describes, limits nouns	red, three, lovely, much, unusual, African,...
5. ADVERB	describes, limits verbs, adj. and adv.	quickly, hard, fast, carefully,...
6. PREPOSITION	relates	in, on, at, to, among,...
7. CONJUNCTION	connects	and, but, or
8. INTERJECTION	expresses strong feeling	Ah! Wow! Ouch! Alah!

SENTENCES

The heart of each sentence is its verb(s). A group of words without a main verb cannot be called "a sentence." The verb or the group of verbs in a sentence tells you several things:

1. its meaning or definition,
2. the tense (time),
3. the voice
4. the mood of the speaker/writer

e.g.

S + V + O/C.

They are playing football.

The group of verbs in the sentence above “are playing” consists of “play” which has meaning and “are + Ving” form which gives the tense of the verb:

              - "playing" tells us the meaning “doing things for
pleasure like running or walking without working”
               - "are + Ving" tells us the tense of the verb which is
the present continuous tense.
              - "are playing" tells us that the subject "they" is doing the action so it is the active voice

S + modal V + O/C.
He can play football well.

The group of verbs in the sentence above "can play" consists of "can" and "play"

                     - "play" tells us the meaning, "doing things for pleasure like running or walking without working"
                    - "can" is the base form of the verb "can" which is also a modal verb. It tells you both the present simple tense and the speaker's mood, showing that the subject "He" is able to do something.
                    - "can play" tells that the subject "He" can do the action so it is the active voice.

   TYPES OF SENTENCES

        The meaning of the verbs in a sentence can be categorized by three types of sentences:

Type A sentence has the verb that tells the "state of being or
condition" of the subject.

Type B sentence has the verb that tells "the action" of the subject.

Type C sentence has the verb that tells that the subject is the
receiver of the action (verb) in the sentence.

1. TYPE A SENTENCE

S + be/linking V + Complement

A Type A sentence has the verb "be" or "a linking verb" that tells “state of being or condition” of the subject. The words after the verb, complement, indicate the existing conditions of the subject. A complement can be a noun, an adjective, an adverb, a phrase or a clause that describes a noun or a pronoun before it

Sugar is sweet.
Lemons taste sour.
That boy must be her brother.
Her new dog was a Shi tzu.
He became a professional painter.
Thailand's national flower is laburnum.

TASK 1

Read the following sentences. Underline the subject twice, circle the linking verb and draw a double line under the complement of each sentence.

e.g. 0. Ice is cold.

The orang-utang is generally a gentle monkey.
This tea tastes a bit strange.
Nations can become friends.
The neighbor had been a doctor.
The river runs dry in summer.
The ocean looked rough.
Tennis is her favorite sport.
January is the first month of the year.
The story sounded boring.
The wound must have been very painful.
These vegetables are fresh.
The flower of Thailand Father's Day is the canna.

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2. TYPE B SENTENCE

(S) + V + (O/C)

A type B sentence has at least one core part (Verb) or two to three parts which answer 7 W's and 1H questions - Who? What? When? Why? Where? Whose? Why? and How? The main verb in a Type B sentence can be classified as an action verb that may be "physical" or "mental" one. Physical verbs show actions that can be seen easily: walk, run, study, teach, talk, etc. On the other hand, we cannot obviously see the actions of mental verbs like love, like, think, imagine, etc.

In the English language a variety of Type B sentences exist, for example:

Stop!
(V)
It is raining.
(S + V.)
The coach took the players to the airport.
(S+ V + O + C)
Ron sent a bouquet to Cathy.
(S + V + DO + to + IO.)
Ron sent Cathy a bouquet.
(S + V + IO + DO.)

TASK 2

Draw a double line under the subject sentences, circle the verb, and underline the object in each of the following.

Trees produce sap.
Ghana exports cacao.
Women feed babies.
Older men take naps.
Bangkok has traffic jams.
Christians celebrate mass.
George saw my best friend.
Heaven will help the innocent.
They are opening the wooden box.
The architects are designing a building.
The principal hasn’t signed the report yet.
We could never support the opposition’s party again.
Farmers don’t grow wheat in a hot climate.
Pamela needn’t have brought the tomatoes.
Where did he find the lost keys?
Why must people learn their own religions?
What did the athlete do to win the gold medal?
Around the world every year, landslides often kill many people.
They spent all their money on luxuries, which we consider unnecessary to them.
The host of the party wouldn’t tell the reason
why some guests left early.

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3. TYPE C SENTENCE:

S + be +p.p + (by + actor).
(receiver).

A Type C sentence, the passive, shows that the subject is "acted
upon or receives the action." The main verb in this sentence must be a
transitive verb because it needs a receiver of the action. The actor in this
sentence is usually omitted when it is not known or not important to know
exactly who performs an action. Thus, the passive sentence is commonly
used without a "by phrase."

The "by phrase" is included only if it is important to know who performs
the action.
ส่วนแสดงผู้กระทำ "by phrase" เมื่อ ผู้กระทำสำคัญ

Hundreds of houses were destroyed by a landslide.
The orphan has been brought up by his grandparents.

In colloquial speech "get" is sometimes used instead of "be."

ในการพูดบางทีใช้ "get" แทน "be"

Nobody got hurt in the accident.
Jack didn't get offered the job.

TASK 3

       Draw a double line under the actor(agent) , circle the passive verb, and underline the "by" phrase in each of the following sentences.

Five houses and two mountains were swept into the sea.
Trespassers will be prosecuted.
The situation of the serious level of air pollution clearly cannot be allowed to degenerate any further.
Why are these rumormongers given any credibility?
The entire city was completely covered by the spreading mud.
John and his sister have been brought up well.
Within a few years these local technicians were widely known to be the refuge for amputees and polio victims.
An estimated17,000 residents were evacuated from Southeastern Edmonton last Friday.
An interview will have been designed to assess the development.
The farmer's land has been developed by the Royal Plan on Sufficient Agriculture.

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TASK 4

Read the following sentences carefully. Put a mark (/) between the core parts. Then, in the main clause of each sentence, draw a double line under the most important word that tells who or what does the action, circle the action, and underline the most important word(s) that tells who or what receives the action. Put the adjective and the adverb in brackets if they make you confused.

e.g.

(Generally) the company/ can offer / a (good basic) salary.

Slowly, once-poor countries have been increasing their share of world trade
in manufacturing.
Many people, especially employers, do not take their annual vacation.
Besides the pipe, the medicine man had also given me a gourd.
A fire late yesterday destroyed the residence of Vermont Senator,
Malcolm J. Perry.
People still expect “working wives” to be responsible for housework and
raising children.
His patient must have taken sleeping pills last night.
Shimizu, Japan largest architectural, engineering and construction firm, has
developed an environment fragrancing system.
The dictator appointed himself ruler of the poor country.
The community has offered a school bus to carry the children to school.
Education in plant science should help you find a
rewarding, exciting career in the agricultural
industry.

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   TIPS:
       ศึกษาและทำแบบฝึกหัดเพิ่มเติมใน แบบเรียน
           Unit 4 Sentence meanings หน้า 95 - 118

Gunya Thirapote, English Program, Phetchaburi Rajabhat University, Amphoe Muang, Phetchaburi 76000 Tel:(032)424097Ex.1305